South Bafgh lands are among the central Iran arid areas which have low rainfall and poor vegetation. Deflation of these bare lands has caused soil erosion and in addition to degradation of soil texture, damages to roads especially Tehran-Bandar Abbas and Tehran-Kerman railroads in South Bafgh and also agricultural lands and adjacent villages. Due to accumulation of transported sediments in southeast Bafgh, an Arg with 37Km2 area has been made. In order to control wind erosion in the region, first of all, the main source regions needed to be identified. Therefore, for determination of source area, the method of phase by phase source-identification was used in the region. The results showed that the erosive winds blow from south-west and transport sediments towards SAND DUNES. Geomorphologic and sedimentological studies showed that the source of SAND DUNES has been close and local and it is located on epandage plain of south west part of Arg, beds of Zarand Shoor-River and the other eolion erosive facies of this plain. In general, the main source is adjacent regolite plain.

SAND DUNES cover more than half a million hectares of Khuzestan Province in Iran. These areas are a serious threat to agricultural lands, buildings, and industrial facilities. Knowing the characteristics of these lands helps a lot to manage and control this threat. This research was done to determine the characteristics of SAND DUNES of Khuzestan Province and their management. The results showed that the dynamic characteristics of SAND DUNES, such as salinity, are different depending on the location and direction of the prevailing wind. However, the organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and acidity (pH) were similar in all regions. Soluble K was inversely related to salinity. In the western regions, carbonates (lime and dolomite) along with quartz, kaolinite, chlorite, and illite were the dominant minerals, and smectite, palygorskite, and vermiculite were in the next order. The southeastern parts had a similar composition, but the proportion of minerals was different based on the location, especially for polygorskite. The proportion of smectite, polygorskite, and sepiolite minerals was high in the direction of prevailing winds, but their amount decreased in the inner parts. Sepiolite was observed only in the southeastern regions, which was related to the origin of gypsum soils in the neighborhood areas. A similar composition of these minerals and their proportion was also seen in the deeper parts. The similarity of the SAND DUNES minerals shows that they have the same origin and their similarity with the composition of soil minerals in the plains of Khuzestan indicating that these SANDs were formed from the wind erosion of the plain during different dry periods.

Mulching is one of the methods of SAND movement control to prepare condition for permanent fixation. Oil mulches have been used in Iran. Because of high cost and negative environmental impacts of oil mulches, changes in mulches type and mulching methods is vital. Therefore, for the first time in Iran, different combinations of cement and lime were examined as stabilizer. SANDy soil from the Yazd-Ardakan plain is used as bed treatment and Portland cement were used as the mulch in this research. The treatments were prepared using different ratios of the above mentioned materials. One liter of water was added to each mulch combinations and were sprinkled on the plot of 100 cm (length) × 30 cm (width) ×4 cm (height) SANDs. A completely randomized design is used as research plan with three repeating. Physical parameters, such as thickness, compressive strength, which are created by mulches, and wind erodibility of the treatments were measured. The measured data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results show that by increasing the amount of cement, soil crust resistance increases. The combination mulch of cement 400 gr, SAND 800 gr, and lime 10 gr is selected as the best treatment, because it can be prepare optimum physical conditions for SAND dune fixation. In addition, the cost of field cement mulching estimated 30% lower than oil mulching.

In Sistan plain, conditions for wind erosion and, consequently, SAND spreads are provided. Due to the settlements in the wind erosion centers of this area, the necessity of determining the origin of SANDs, the analysis of the hazards caused by the displacement of SAND DUNES and factors creating these hazards are the goals of this study. It is a descriptive-analytical study based on both field and library methods. Initially, by studying the maps and field observations, it was cleared that the dry bed of the rivers of this region is the main origin of SANDs. Then, the morphometric parameters of several Barkhans (during 120-days winds) and the amount of their displacement were measured and recorded. The statistical analysis indicated that there was an inverse relationship between the length of Barkhans with their displacement, while there was no significant relationship between the other parameters and Barkhans displacement. The presence of Barkhans near rural lands, the role of different land use, the effect of land roughness on the wind speed, and the amount of SAND production in displacement of Barkhans can be considered as the main significant factors. The hazards of the SAND DUNES displacement at the villages include threatening public health, burying the villages, degrading the soil quality and destructing public infrastructure. Several factors such as intense and permanent winds, low-slope and low-roughness plain, fine-grained soil, successive droughts and vegetation loss play a role in the amount of SAND displacement in Sistan Plain.

Aeolian sediments are in 6 percent of land and 97 percent of them are in arid land. On average, about 20 percent of the arid regions of the world are covered by these. Prevailing winds can shift SAND DUNES and affect their accumulation. According to sediments have damage and harmful effects on the living then study of this subject is significant importance. In this research with Fryberger method and used of WR PLOT 7. 0 and MATLAB 2013 software in order to assessment of wind regime as well as used from anemometer data of five station near Kashan ERG. Results indicate that east-west winds are dominant and each station shows a kind of wind regime. The frequency of calm winds increases respectively in station of Jngalbani (32. 77), Qom (40. 05), Garmsar (44. 83), Ardestan (50. 15) and Kashan (77. 04). After calm winds in the area, the most of class is 11-7 Knot, while the most effective class is 17-11 knots (992. 6 Erode Index) for wind erosion in the region. Jangalbani station with 441. 81 VU and kashan station with 40. 02 VU are the highest and lowest quantity of SAND drift potential in the region. Comparative studies on various stations in the world according to SAND drift potential in the area indicated that kashan ERG is not hazardous then in general, could say that it located in the low-middle class. And the formed of linear and transverse DUNES near Kashan and Jangalbani station following a global trend. Result show taht there is note full compliance beatwen F ryberger method and SAND Rosr Graph 3. 0 software.

Creating a mulch layer on the SAND DUNES surface has long been applied to reduce their mobility. However, application of oil mulch in some countries, in addition to high costs, has many environmental problems. In this research, the hydrated lime slurry was used as a protective cover on the SAND DUNES. The slurry was prepared in three treatments with 3, 5 and 7% lime and sprayed uniformly on 2×5 m plots on the SAND DUNES surface. The average thickness of different types of mulch was measured by a caliper and then their abrasions were calculated in two-month intervals for three calcareous and controlling treatments at three locations. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS and the Excel software. The results showed that the 3% lime slurry layer had no resistance to wind abrasion and was comparable to the controlling sites. The results obtained for the 5 and 7% lime slurry mulch layers indicated that the increase in lime percentage raised the mulch resistance against the wind abrasion. The 7% lime slurry layer with a 6. 3 mm thickness showed the highest abrasion resistance in the natural conditions.

Soil is known as a suitable reservoir for carbon sequestration. The objective of this study was to investigate the capability of haloxylon on sequestration of carbon in SAND DUNES of Yahya Abad, Sabzevar, in northeastern Iran. Eighty soil samples were taken from two depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm under and between haloxylon trees. Eight soil profiles under and between haloxylon trees were described and sampled to explore subsurface variations of soil organic carbon (SOC). The results showed that SOC in 0-5 cm has increased from 0.18% in between trees to 0.79% under trees and similarly, in 5-10 cm has increased from 0.11 to 0.29%. SOC has decreased exponentially with increasing depth. A strong correlation was found between soil organic carbon and electrical conductivity in 0-10 cm depth due to accumulation of salts in haloxylon litters that has increased both SOC and electrical conductivity of surface layer. The SOC storage under and between haloxylon trees at 0-100 cm depth were estimated 27718 kg ha-1 and 14915 kg ha-1 respectively, Differences of these values represents carbon sequestration. The amount of carbon sequestration to depth of 10 and 40 cm was 5367 and 10155 kg ha-1 that is 36 and 68% of total carbon sequestration. The results of this study confirmed the importance of haloxylon in carbon sequestration in desert environments.

This research was aimed to investigate the autecology of Stipagrostis karelini in the SAND DUNES of Isfahan province. Initially, the habitat map was prepared and characteristics including topographyclimate, soil, associated species, and the presence of this species in vegetation cover were determined. In addition, the phenology and root system of the mentioned species was investigated. According to the results, this species grows on the SAND DUNES of Kashan (Rig Boland) at an altitude of 750 to 1150 meters above sea level on all slope aspects. The habitat has a SANDy and SANDy-loam textured soil. Soil electrical conductivity varies in different parts of the habitat as well as at different soil depths, ranging between 2. 5-3 ds m-1. Soil pH of the habitat ranges between 7. 5 and 8. 2. The average annual precipitation in the natural habitats of this species is 80-140 mm. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures are 3. 8 ° C and 33. 6 ° C respectively The absolute minimum and maximum temperature are-12 ° C and 47. 8 ° C, respectively. The vegetative growth of this species starts from late March. The flowers appear in May and seeds ripen in mid-June. The study species has a fibrous root system, around which is covered with SAND and the root penetrates the SAND up to one meter at a radius of about 2 meters.

SAND DUNES movement is one of the critical processes of desertification. Mulching is one of the methods of SAND movement control. Oil mulches have been used in Iran. Because of high cost and negative environmental impacts of oil mulches, changes in mulch type SAND mulching methods is vital. Therefore, in this research different combinations of clay and lime were used as stabilizer. SANDy soil from the Yazd-Ardakan plain is used as bed treatment and clay particles (taken from Meybod area) were used as mulch in this research. The treatments were prepared using different ratios of the above mentioned materials. One liter of water was added to the each mulch combination and was sprinkled on the plot of 100 cm (length) × 30 cm (width) × 4 cm (height) SAND. A completely randomized design is used as research plan with three repeating. Physical parameters, such as thickness, compressive strength, impact resistance and abrasion resistance which are created by mulches, and wind erodibility of the treatment were measured. The measured data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results show that the measured compressive strength, impact resistance and abrasion resistance of the clay–lime mulch is increase in the ratio of 200 gr clay and 10 gr lime in one liter of water.